Since the reform and opening up, department setup started to follow the discipline line and became to follow the international system, but the industryРІР‚в„ўs influence remained. Those were teaching materials with practicality in mind, i.e., students were taught to design according to design specifications. In the 1950s and 1960s, most engineering textbooks translated from the former Soviet Union. Arts and Sciences were combined into general university, resulting in the separation of engineering and Arts and Sciences, an unfavorable situation for engineering education. Engineering Colleges were grouped into civil engineering, electrical and mechanical engineering, hydraulic engineering, chemicals, mining, aviation, geology, transportation and other colleges to meet the industrial needs for engineers and technicians. Clock Tower, Ludhiana (Pb.) Printed at Repro India Ltd., New Delhi (INDIA)Р”Р„fter the 1952 adjustment, ChinaРІР‚в„ўs Higher Education in Science and Technology basically inherited the former Soviet system, namely, establishing universities corresponding to industrial sections. Subhash Bhargav Lane, Near Delhi Medical Association, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (INDIA) H.O. Kataria & Sons 4885/109, Prakash Mahal, Dr.

3 Waiguan Xiejie Street, Andingmenwai, Chao Yang District, Beijing (100011) ISBN: 978-93-5014-583-8 First Indian Edition: 2015 Published by: S.K. English Translated Version Printed in India in association with China Communication Press, No. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. 5 Chinese version Library CIP (2011), No. bridge РІР‚В¦ II item РІР‚В¦ III Bridge Engineering - Design IV. Editor-in-Charge: Shen Hongyan, Qu Yue Originally Published By: China Communications Press Copyright Р’В© 2011 by China Communication Press Version No.: First Edition in June 2011 Printing No.: Firstly Printed in June 2011 Book No.: ISBN 978-4-3 Cataloguing in Publication (CIP) Data Conceptual Design of Bridges / Edited by Shen Hongyan, Qu Yue РІР‚вЂњ Beijing: China Communications Press, June 2011. Subhash Bhargav Lane, Opposite Delhi Medical Association, Daryaganj, New DelhiРІР‚вЂњ110002 Phone: +91-11-23243489, +91-11-23269324 Telefax: +91-11-23243489 e-mail: Website: Book Title: Conceptual Design of Bridges Author: Xiang Haifan, et al. Publisher of Engineering and Computer Books 4885/109, Prakash Mahal, Dr. Compiled by Xiang Haifan Xiao Rucheng, Xu Liping, Shi Xuefei Ge Yaojun, Wei Hongyi, Han Zhenyong Editor-in-Charge Shen Hongyan, Qu Yue

Cutout area in zone sprint layout